It is well known that our cells must switch signals on or off to divide, but what remains unclear is why some signals must “flash” continually on and off for our cells to divide properly. This flashing can control the way in which cells behave and, if malfunctioning, could lead to health consequences, including the development of cancer.
This is the core foundation of the new, eight-year project, funded by a £4 million award from Wellcome, and will be conducted by experts from the University of Dundee’s Faculty of Health and Faculty of Life Sciences in conjunction with the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology in Dortmund, Germany.
The two groups will join forces to shed light on the signals that drive cell division, an essential process that allows human bodies to develop and repair injuries. According to the press announcement, decoding these hidden signals could explain how cells divide accurately, how this process goes wrong in diseases like cancer, and how these could potentially be treated better.
The study’s Principal Investigator, Professor Adrian Saurin, from the Faculty of Health, said that any of the proteins inside human cells are controlled by chemical tags – known as phosphates – which are effectively light switches. They attach to proteins to turn them ‘on’, and when they detach, this turns them ‘off’ again.
“We know a huge amount about which proteins are turned ‘on’ or ‘off’ at any given time in our cells, but what we do not know is how quickly these proteins can ‘flash’ on and off over time. So, we’re missing a huge part of the puzzle, because the rate that these signals flash could effectively be a form of biological Morse code, which sends messages to control the behaviour,” stated Professor Saurin.
“We have now created the first tools to decipher this code, which we hope will explain how our cells divide accurately, and shine a light on how this can be used to benefit patients affected by cancer.”
The rapid on-off cycles are known as phosphorylation–dephosphorylation (PdP) dynamics. Dr Tony Ly, a co-Investigator of the study and expert in Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology at the Faculty of Life Sciences, said, “We are especially pleased to be leading this project from Dundee since protein phosphorylation is a topic that Dundee is already internationally recognised for.”
The researchers highlighted that this study brings together complementary expertise to shed new light on an aspect of phosphorylation that is virtually unexplored. Thus, unlocking this knowledge will present researchers with an opportunity to better understand cancer in the future, perhaps revealing new treatment ideas, according to the announcement.
Professor Andrea Musacchio, director at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology and also a co-Investigator, said: “Our expertise in the biochemical reconstitution of the kinetochore complements the diverse skillsets of our team and gives us the opportunity to understand these patterns during cell division in healthy cells, and what goes wrong in cancer cells that allow them to evolve and become resistant to chemotherapy.”
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